Martin M. Miles' photos with the keyword: roman

It is believed that trade contacts with the Phoenicians existed from the late 10th century, and it is even assumed that Tartessos was located at this site. In addition to objects made of silver, copper, iron, ivory and stone, many thousands of fragments of clay vessels were found during excavations from around 900 to 770 B.C. in 1998. Huelva was probably an early Phoenician emporium and it was flourishing under the Carthaginians and Romans, who began to mine ore deposits. Under the Visigoths and Arabs, from whom the city was reconquered by Alfonso X the Wise in 1257, the city came to a standstill. In 1880 it still only had 13,000 inhabitants, then it grew fast. It owes its boom to the mineral deposits on the Rio Tinto (Minas de Riotinto), as from the last quarter of the 19th century, the town became a small British colony. The reason for this was the permission granted by the Spanish government in 1873 for the mines of Riotinto to be commercially developed and utilised by the Rio Tinto Company Limited. As a result, the town and its infrastructure began to grow and the sleepy little village became a modern industrial town of the 19th century and an elegant town in the first centuries of the 20th- The British also brought football to Spain, which led to the founding of the first football club in Spain - Recreativo Huelva - in 1889. The museum is very young and focuses on the impressive archaeological site of the province of Huelva with interesting exhibits from Roman and mining history. There is also an impressive collection of Spanish paintings. Head of Agrippina the Younger / 2nd century AD

A town may have existed here since ancient times, it was seized by Scipio Africanus away from Carthage by 207 BC, in the context of the Second Punic War. Following the Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the city became the head of an important territory with some similarities to the current province. Jaén was conquered by the Almoravids in 1091. Taken in 1159 by Ibn Mardanīš (aka "Rey Lobo"), who was opposed to the spread of the Almohad Empire, it fell back to the Almohads in 1169. In 1225, Fernando III of Castile unsuccessfully laid siege to Jaén. The city was besieged again in 1230 by Fernand who lifted the siege after the news of the death of his father, Alfonso IX of León. In 1246 Muhammad I of Granada surrendered to Fernando. Following the conquest the Diocese of Baeza was moved to Jaén. During the Spanish Civil War, the city remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic and was therefore bombed by the infamous German Condor Legion flying squadron on April 1, 1937. Current estimates suggest that 159 residents were killed and several hundred injured in the bombing. The “Museo Íbero” is located here in a new building that only opened in 2017 and houses an outstanding collection of Iberian art. The head of a lady from the Flavian dynasty (69 - 96 AD) - with an incredible hairdo

A town may have existed here since ancient times, it was seized by Scipio Africanus away from Carthage by 207 BC, in the context of the Second Punic War. Following the Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the city became the head of an important territory with some similarities to the current province. Jaén was conquered by the Almoravids in 1091. Taken in 1159 by Ibn Mardanīš (aka "Rey Lobo"), who was opposed to the spread of the Almohad Empire, it fell back to the Almohads in 1169. In 1225, Fernando III of Castile unsuccessfully laid siege to Jaén. The city was besieged again in 1230 by Fernand who lifted the siege after the news of the death of his father, Alfonso IX of León. In 1246 Muhammad I of Granada surrendered to Fernando. Following the conquest the Diocese of Baeza was moved to Jaén. During the Spanish Civil War, the city remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic and was therefore bombed by the infamous German Condor Legion flying squadron on April 1, 1937. Current estimates suggest that 159 residents were killed and several hundred injured in the bombing. The “Museo Íbero” is located here in a new building that only opened in 2017 and houses an outstanding collection of Iberian art. Venus, 2nd century AD

A town may have existed here since ancient times, it was seized by Scipio Africanus away from Carthage by 207 BC, in the context of the Second Punic War. Following the Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the city became the head of an important territory with some similarities to the current province. Jaén was conquered by the Almoravids in 1091. Taken in 1159 by Ibn Mardanīš (aka "Rey Lobo"), who was opposed to the spread of the Almohad Empire, it fell back to the Almohads in 1169. In 1225, Fernando III of Castile unsuccessfully laid siege to Jaén. The city was besieged again in 1230 by Fernand who lifted the siege after the news of the death of his father, Alfonso IX of León. In 1246 Muhammad I of Granada surrendered to Fernando. Following the conquest the Diocese of Baeza was moved to Jaén. During the Spanish Civil War, the city remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic and was therefore bombed by the infamous German Condor Legion flying squadron on April 1, 1937. Current estimates suggest that 159 residents were killed and several hundred injured in the bombing. The “Museo Íbero” is located here in a new building that only opened in 2017 and houses an outstanding collection of Iberian art. Marble torso, Roman, 1st/2nd century

During the Reconquista, in 1233, King Ferdinand III conquered Ubeda to the Kingdom of Castile. In 1368, the city was damaged during the Castilian Civil War between Peter I of Castile and Henry II of Castile. This, combined with other circumstances, caused the worsening of the rivalry between the nobel families de Trapera and de Aranda at first, and the families de la Cueva and de Molina after. This political instability was solved when the "Catholic Monarchs" ruled as they ordered the Alcázar, used by the nobility as a fortress, to be destroyed. During the 16th century, these important Castilian aristocratic families from Úbeda reached top positions in the Spanish Monarchy administration. Notably, Francisco de los Cobos and Juan Vazquez de Molina became Secretaries of State for Emperor Charles V and Philip II respectively. Due to the patronage of arts of these competing families, Úbeda became a Renaissance focus in Spain. Ubeda and neighboring Baeza benefited from this patronage resulting in the construction of a series of Renaissance style palaces and churches, which have been preserved ever since. In 2003, UNESCO declared the historic centres and landmarks of these two towns a World Heritage Site. The museum is hosted in a house built in the 15th century in Mudejar style. Ibero-roman bust of Minerva 1. century AC

During the Reconquista, in 1233, King Ferdinand III conquered Ubeda to the Kingdom of Castile. In 1368, the city was damaged during the Castilian Civil War between Peter I of Castile and Henry II of Castile. This, combined with other circumstances, caused the worsening of the rivalry between the nobel families de Trapera and de Aranda at first, and the families de la Cueva and de Molina after. This political instability was solved when the "Catholic Monarchs" ruled as they ordered the Alcázar, used by the nobility as a fortress, to be destroyed. During the 16th century, these important Castilian aristocratic families from Úbeda reached top positions in the Spanish Monarchy administration. Notably, Francisco de los Cobos and Juan Vazquez de Molina became Secretaries of State for Emperor Charles V and Philip II respectively. Due to the patronage of arts of these competing families, Úbeda became a Renaissance focus in Spain. Ubeda and neighboring Baeza benefited from this patronage resulting in the construction of a series of Renaissance style palaces and churches, which have been preserved ever since. In 2003, UNESCO declared the historic centres and landmarks of these two towns a World Heritage Site. The museum is hosted in a house built in the 15th century in Mudejar style. Ibero-roman grave good, found in a burial place, 1. century AC

Hugh of Cluny (aka "Hugh the Great", "Saint Hugh", "Hugh of Semur"), abbot of Cluny, was born in this little village (one of the "Plus beaux villages de France") in May 1024. Hugh had the third abbey church at Cluny (aka Cluny III) built, the largest structure in Europe for centuries. He as well had Paray-le-Monial built, he founded Charité-sur-Loire, he was the godfather of Emperor Henry IV (see "Goslar) and an important mediator in the Investiture Controversy. And Hugh had the former collegiate church Saint-Hilaire, a basilica on a "cluniacensic blueprint" built in his home-village. The construction started of the church 1120/1130. Hugh must have been a very generous benefactor, as he obviously employed the best carvers around to work here. The lintel of the main portal on the western facade. The lintel is carved out of one block of sandstone. The lintel tells how St. Hilary of Poitiers fought the Arianistic heretics, the most important part of his lifework. A band of foliage frames the (main) scenes. On the left stands St. Hilary holding a book in his hand. On a kind of stage are three men sitting. They are discussing. Two men seated in front and between them is a third one, representing the crowd behind. This is probably stands for the "First Council of Nicaea" and we see the debating party of Arianists, who denied the Trinity of God. St. Hilary ("historicly " only 10 years old then) stands on the other side. He is holding his book "De Trinitate" as he was fighting the "heretics". Actually he was banned for four years of his life to Phrygia, when the Arianists were ruling. This exile in Phrygia may be depicted in the middle, where an angel is holding a censer over St. Hillary, who as the bishop of Poitiers, wears a mitra, even during the exile. On the right side, there is a stage again - this time populated with 5 debaters. There were different councils, where St. Hillary later defended the Trinity (and won!), so this may be a scene from Arles, Milan or Beziers. Further right, beside the stage - is an empty chair. The chair is decorated - as this is the throne of Pope Leo. The Pople had left the throne, to use the latrine on the right. Just sitting on the bowl - Pope Leo passes away. His heretic soul is leaving his body through his mouth, grabbed by one of three waiting devils. - What a drama! Here either the medieval storyteller mixed something up - or he knew the sentence "Never let truth get in the way of a good story..". - The fierce opponent of Pope Leo I was Hilary of Arles, not Hilary of Poitiers.

The parish church of Fleury-la-Montagne has this interesting tympanum over the main entrance on the western side. This is flanked by two pillars with nicely carved capitals. The is the left capital. Here its is all about music. A small donkey in the right plays the harp with its hoofs, while a ram with long horns on the left plays the violin. Unfortunately the ram looks over his shoulder, facing the audience behind the corner. So - I cut half of its face. Sorry!

The roman "Pont du Gard", more than 2000 years old, is not only one of the main touristic attractions, it is brilliant example of the abilities, the antique engineers had. The aqueduct was constructed to get fresh water from Uzès to Nîmes, a distance of only about 20kms, but full of obstacles like the valley of the Gardon. Here the Pont du Gard is seen from the beautiful village of Valliguières, about 8kms beeline away from the aqueduct.

The remarkable parish church in the village of Iguerande was constructed late 11th century. It is dedicated to Saint Marcel and belonged to Cluny since 1088 via the nearby priory of Marcigny. A nice, sturdy church. Pretty intact and known for some mysterious carvings. This is the most mysterious and probably most photographed capital in Saint Marcel. It´s all about music. - There is a two persons playing a duet. - Let me start with the left musician, who is just looking around the corner. A little monkey / ape plays the harp. Well, that is not that extraordinary. Lots of animals can be found playing instruments on medieval carvings: Though mostly donkeys play the harp - with the hoofs. On the right out of the floral volute dangles - a pumkin. The pumpkin has one central eye on his forehead - and plays the panflute! He holds the flute with his nicely carved hands. Is this the return of the cannibalistic Polyphemus, one of the cyclops, whom Odysseus met already? Did Polyphem play the panflute in the story, told by Homer? I remember, that he did drink very strong wine - and fall asleep... Maybe this a cutout from a nightmare, the carver had, after a couple of very strong wines. I have no clue, but it is - fantastic!!

Charlieu Abbey, founded already in 872 was dedicated to Saint Fortunatus, who like Saint Hilary, whom we met in Semur-en-Brionnais, was bishop of Poitiers (600/610). In 932 the abbey was annexed by Cluny, one of the first acquisitions of Cluny, that was founded 910. Pope Urban II consecrated the new church here in 1094. This has been already the third church here. The narthex was added 1130. The layout of the church is similar to that one of the priory church in Anzy-le-Duc (25kms to the north). Both churches have architectural "roots" in Cluny II, that got demolished in 1088 to make room for Cluny III. The Benedictine community went through the centuries, the village Charlieu prospered. Times got harder for the monks in the 18th century. In September 1792 a Revolutionary mob broke into the abbey - and burnt all records. In 1795 the church was sold as a quarry for building materials. The eastern side of the church is gone since then. Of the church only the narthex and the westernmost bay still exist - as ruins. Some parts of the monastery, like the cloister, were reconstructed. On the other side of the narthex, just around the corner from the delicately carved, but damaged tympana, is this carving of a monkey head. - A very different style - and untouched by the vandals. I love these carvings of exotic animals - and I have compared it to photos of mandrills.

The parish church of Baugy, dedicated to Saint Pons, dates back into the 11th century. The church on a little hill, overlooking the Loire river, is archaic - and still pretty much intact. It hs some nice carvings. Here is a nice monkey, that seems to be "younger" than that one just seen in Charlieu. That would mean, that the corbel was added later to this church.

The church of the former Priory Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Benoît is now the parish church of the village. When I visited Perrecy-les-Forges in April 2011 I had the impression, that the church and the museum were locked since years. Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne and leader of the frankish armee in the Battle of Tours (732), gave the Perrecey estate to his brother Childebrand as a gift to thank him for defeating the Sarascens in the valleys of the Rhone and the Saône in 732. Childebrands heirs bequeated it to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. First monks settled here 880/885. Some parts of the westwork may date back to the 9th century. 1020/1030 a romanesque basilica was constructed here. 1120/1130 the large narthex was added, which is - a unique masterpiece. This capital in the narthex depicts a "Luxuria", sitting/standing in a barrel/bathtube. I have the impression, she is sitting in a bathtube, hands cover her knees. - Compared to the warriors and angels seen here (and all the foliage around), the carving of the Luxuria and the two snakes seems a bit "rough". Even taking in account, that somebody took the effort to destroy her face.

Charlieu Abbey, founded already in 872 was dedicated to Saint Fortunatus, who like Saint Hilary, whom we met in Semur-en-Brionnais, was bishop of Poitiers (600/610). In 932 the abbey was annexed by Cluny, one of the first acquisitions of Cluny, that was founded 910. Pope Urban II consecrated the new church here in 1094. This has been already the third church here. The narthex was added 1130. The layout of the church is similar to that one of the priory church in Anzy-le-Duc (25kms to the north). Both churches have architectural "roots" in Cluny II, that got demolished in 1088 to make room for Cluny III. The Benedictine community went through the centuries, the village Charlieu prospered. Times got harder for the monks in the 18th century. In September 1792 a Revolutionary mob broke into the abbey - and burnt all records. In 1795 the church was sold as a quarry for building materials. The eastern side of the church is gone since then. Of the church only the narthex and the westernmost bay still exist - as ruins. Some parts of the monastery, like the cloister, were reconstructed. Next to the entrance gate of the narthex (left side) is a Luxuria. As this sculpture was in easy reach, not much is left. She obviously wore a kind of elegant bathrobe with a girdle around her waist. On her right arm are the leftovers of the snake, while the toad on the left is pretty intact.

Hugh of Cluny (aka "Hugh the Great", "Saint Hugh", "Hugh of Semur"), abbot of Cluny, was born in this little village (one of the "Plus beaux villages de France") in May 1024. Hugh had the third abbey church at Cluny (aka Cluny III) built, the largest structure in Europe for centuries. He as well had Paray-le-Monial built, he founded Charité-sur-Loire, he was the godfather of Emperor Henry IV (see "Goslar) and an important mediator in the Investiture Controversy. And Hugh had the former collegiate church Saint-Hilaire, a basilica on a "cluniacensic blueprint" built in his home-village. The construction started of the church 1120/1130. To the right of the lintel, that tells a story out of the life of Saint Hillary, is this capital. A Luxuria with a snake and a toad. I have seen a couple of Luxurias over the time, but this one has, compared to others, a strange face. Either, she wears a cap - and these are hair hanging down, or she has a beard, or a combination out of these two. Or these are all wrinkels, standing as a symbol for an "old" and or "ugly" face. Luxuria is not alone, there is somebody around the corner. Seen on the next shot.

Hugh of Cluny (aka "Hugh the Great", "Saint Hugh", "Hugh of Semur"), abbot of Cluny, was born in this little village (one of the "Plus beaux villages de France") in May 1024. Hugh had the third abbey church at Cluny (aka Cluny III) built, the largest structure in Europe for centuries. He as well had Paray-le-Monial built, he founded Charité-sur-Loire, he was the godfather of Emperor Henry IV (see "Goslar) and an important mediator in the Investiture Controversy. And Hugh had the former collegiate church Saint-Hilaire, a basilica on a "cluniacensic blueprint" built in his home-village. The construction started of the church 1120/1130. Here is the "complete couple" on that capital. This is the impression given, after having piously contemplated over the life of Saint Hillary, seen on the masterly carved lintel.

The church of the former Priory Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Benoît is now the parish church of the village. When I visited Perrecy-les-Forges in April 2011 I had the impression, that the church and the museum were locked since years. Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne and leader of the frankish armee in the Battle of Tours (732), gave the Perrecey estate to his brother Childebrand as a gift to thank him for defeating the Sarascens in the valleys of the Rhone and the Saône in 732. Childebrands heirs bequeated it to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. First monks settled here 880/885. Some parts of the westwork may date back to the 9th century. 1020/1030 a romanesque basilica was constructed here. 1120/1130 the large narthex was added, which is - a unique masterpiece. This capital - for me - is the most interesting in Perrecy-les-Forges. Decades ago during my first year at university I wrote an essay, dealing with the subject "Medieval Elephants". There were only three elephants during medieval times: Abul Abbas, a present from Harun al Raschid to Charlemagne. Abul Abbas reached Aix La Chapelle in 802 died 810 after swimming in the Rhine. The Cremona-elephant was a present from Al Kamil to Frederik II in 1229. The third elephant was brought to Europe by Louis IX (Saint Louis) in 1255. It was given to Henry III and died in London 1258. There was not a single elephant in Europe between 810 and 1229, and this capital was carved 1120/1130. - It may be, that the carver of this "exotic" capital, was a well travelled person, but I doubt it. It is a phantastic carving designed completely out of rumours about a giant animal living far behind the horiziont. The animal would have a large nose or trunk, long teeth - and totally "uncommon" feet. Over the distances, the size of the ears got lost and the feet got fanshaped, but that is all details. Actually these elephants are pretty precise! I have built up a collection of medivale elephants, if you want to see more, just follow the link: www.flickr.com/photos/martin-m-miles/galleries/7215762494.. .

The church of the former Priory Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Benoît is now the parish church of the village. When I visited Perrecy-les-Forges in April 2011 I had the impression, that the church and the museum were locked since years. Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne and leader of the frankish armee in the Battle of Tours (732), gave the Perrecey estate to his brother Childebrand as a gift to thank him for defeating the Sarascens in the valleys of the Rhone and the Saône in 732. Childebrands heirs bequeated it to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. First monks settled here 880/885. Some parts of the westwork may date back to the 9th century. 1020/1030 a romanesque basilica was constructed here. 1120/1130 the large narthex was added, which is - a unique masterpiece. This capital - for me - is the most interesting in Perrecy-les-Forges. Decades ago during my first year at university I wrote an essay, dealing with the subject "Medieval Elephants". There were only three elephants during medieval times: Abul Abbas, a present from Harun al Raschid to Charlemagne. Abul Abbas reached Aix La Chapelle in 802 died 810 after swimming in the Rhine. The Cremona-elephant was a present from Al Kamil to Frederik II in 1229. The third elephant was brought to Europe by Louis IX (Saint Louis) in 1255. It was given to Henry III and died in London 1258. There was not a single elephant in Europe between 810 and 1229, and this capital was carved 1120/1130. - It may be, that the carver of this "exotic" capital, was a well travelled person, but I doubt it. It is a phantastic carving designed completely out of rumours about a giant animal living far behind the horiziont. The animal would have a large nose or trunk, long teeth - and totally "uncommon" feet. Over the distances, the size of the ears got lost and the feet got fanshaped, but that is all details. Actually these elephants are pretty precise! I have built up a collection of medivale elephants, if you want to see more, just follow the link: www.flickr.com/photos/martin-m-miles/galleries/7215762494...