Brooklyn, NYC

Junior's is a restaurant at the corner of Flatbush Avenue Extension and DeKalb Avenue in Brooklyn (386 Flatbush Avenue). The restaurant also has an outlet inside Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and one in the Times Square area. The restaurant was founded by Harry Rosen in 1950. According to the restaurant, it was named Junior's after Rosen's two sons, Walter and Marvin. In 1982, Governor Mario Cuomo declared May 27th as Junior’s Restaurant Day. According to GO Brooklyn, "At the corner of Flatbush and DeKalb avenues in Downtown Brooklyn, there has been a diner run by the Rosen family since 1929. In 1950, the name was changed to Junior's, and it has been serving its famous cheesecake and other goodies ever since. The interior of Junior's was modernized in 1983 after a major fire in the restaurant. The diner was recently featured in the Brooklyn Public Library's children's book of Brooklyn landmarks, "Brooklyn Pops Up." Rosen worked with Master baker, Eigel Peterson, on the Rosen family's recipe to create the cheesecake known today as "The World's Most Fabulous Cheesecake" based on a recipe that was in the Rosen family for three generations. In 1981, when the restaurant caught on fire, a crowd of people watching the firefighters started chanting "Save the Cheesecake!" However, the fan base is not limited to Brooklynites. A Kuwaiti prince was known to have taken several Junior's cheesecakes back with him. The delight of critics, the cakes have been sold nation-wide through various outlets, including the television shopping network, QVC. Text from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior's

Abraham & Straus (or A&S), now defunct, was a major New York City department store, based in Brooklyn, New York. Federated Department Stores eliminated the A&S brand shortly after its 1994 acquisition of R.H. Macy & Company. Most A&S stores took the Macy's name, although a few became part of Stern's, a Federated division that was based in Paramus, New Jersey, and offered lower-end goods than did Macy's or A&S. The first Brooklyn store, opened in 1865, was 25 feet by 90 feet, and was at 285 Fulton Street, which Abraham Abraham, age 22, opened with Joseph Wechsler with $5,000 contributions each. After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, Abraham studied a store nicknamed Wheeler's Folly at 422 Fulton Street and bought it. On April 1, 1893, Nathan Straus, Isidor Straus and Simon F. Rothschild as partners bought out Wechsler and Wechsler & Abraham dry goods firm became Abraham & Straus (with the Straus brothers providing the financing but Rothschild being the active partner). The Strauses had run the leased china department; the brothers later gained control of Macy's. The company that year had 2,000 employees, and that year A&S also made Abraham's son-in-law, Simon F. Rothschild, son-in-law Edward Charles Blum and son Lawrence Abraham into partners. By 1900, the company had 4,650 employees. From the 1890s to the 1920s, A&S utilized a system of catalog store agencies across Long Island to serve customers. In 1912, Isidor Straus, along with his wife Ida, perished in the sinking of the Titanic. Around 1915, after Abraham's daughter married Isidor's son Percy Selden Straus, the Straus family divided up the empire with Nathan's family running A&S and Isidor's family running Macy's. Beginning in 1928, the company embarked on a $7.8 million expansion of the Fulton Street Store, which included excavating a new basement without disturbing customers above. The renovated store opened October 10, just days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In 1929, the company also joined Filene's, Lazarus and Bloomingdale's to form Federated Department Stores. To economize during the Depression, the company began scheduling employees according to hourly sales. In addition, all employees took a 10 percent pay cut. No employees were laid off. In 1937, Walter N. Rothschild led the company, and would be president and chairman until 1955. Following Rothschild, Sidney L. Solomon became the company's first non-family president. At the time, the company had 12,000 employees. The company grew after World War II. Its first new branch store opened in 1952 in Hempstead, following the 1950 purchase of Loeser's Garden City store. In the following decades, the company expanded throughout the New York metropolitan area. From the beginning, the company had high aspirations. In 1885, the company hired architect George L. Morse to work on the Fulton Street store. For their 1928 to 1930 renovations and additions, the company hired architects Starrett & van Vleck to build an Art Deco addition that faces Fulton, Hoyt and Livingston Streets. In 2003, the Brooklyn Heights Association and the Municipal Art Society put the building on a list of 28 historic buildings in downtown Brooklyn that needed to be protected. In the mid 1970s, Abraham & Straus Flagship Store, which was located in Downtown Brooklyn, made Mannequin Modeling famous. Linda Timmins, head of the division, selected one juvenile and ingénue with "The Editorial Look" from each of the High Schools across the Brooklyn and Manhattan area. The schools and its students were also selected for high academic standing; Manhattan's Performing Arts High School Yvette Post and Metropolitan Opera Juvenile Star Robert Westin and Brooklyn's Abraham Lincoln High School's Alan Jay Kahm and its Head Cheerleader Paula Gallo were some of the few selected to represent the youth of New York. These "Mannequin Models" would pose for up to an hour at a time in the windows of the store as "Living Mannequins" wearing Classic Designer Clothes to

Abraham & Straus (or A&S), now defunct, was a major New York City department store, based in Brooklyn, New York. Federated Department Stores eliminated the A&S brand shortly after its 1994 acquisition of R.H. Macy & Company. Most A&S stores took the Macy's name, although a few became part of Stern's, a Federated division that was based in Paramus, New Jersey, and offered lower-end goods than did Macy's or A&S. The first Brooklyn store, opened in 1865, was 25 feet by 90 feet, and was at 285 Fulton Street, which Abraham Abraham, age 22, opened with Joseph Wechsler with $5,000 contributions each. After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, Abraham studied a store nicknamed Wheeler's Folly at 422 Fulton Street and bought it. On April 1, 1893, Nathan Straus, Isidor Straus and Simon F. Rothschild as partners bought out Wechsler and Wechsler & Abraham dry goods firm became Abraham & Straus (with the Straus brothers providing the financing but Rothschild being the active partner). The Strauses had run the leased china department; the brothers later gained control of Macy's. The company that year had 2,000 employees, and that year A&S also made Abraham's son-in-law, Simon F. Rothschild, son-in-law Edward Charles Blum and son Lawrence Abraham into partners. By 1900, the company had 4,650 employees. From the 1890s to the 1920s, A&S utilized a system of catalog store agencies across Long Island to serve customers. In 1912, Isidor Straus, along with his wife Ida, perished in the sinking of the Titanic. Around 1915, after Abraham's daughter married Isidor's son Percy Selden Straus, the Straus family divided up the empire with Nathan's family running A&S and Isidor's family running Macy's. Beginning in 1928, the company embarked on a $7.8 million expansion of the Fulton Street Store, which included excavating a new basement without disturbing customers above. The renovated store opened October 10, just days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In 1929, the company also joined Filene's, Lazarus and Bloomingdale's to form Federated Department Stores. To economize during the Depression, the company began scheduling employees according to hourly sales. In addition, all employees took a 10 percent pay cut. No employees were laid off. In 1937, Walter N. Rothschild led the company, and would be president and chairman until 1955. Following Rothschild, Sidney L. Solomon became the company's first non-family president. At the time, the company had 12,000 employees. The company grew after World War II. Its first new branch store opened in 1952 in Hempstead, following the 1950 purchase of Loeser's Garden City store. In the following decades, the company expanded throughout the New York metropolitan area. From the beginning, the company had high aspirations. In 1885, the company hired architect George L. Morse to work on the Fulton Street store. For their 1928 to 1930 renovations and additions, the company hired architects Starrett & van Vleck to build an Art Deco addition that faces Fulton, Hoyt and Livingston Streets. In 2003, the Brooklyn Heights Association and the Municipal Art Society put the building on a list of 28 historic buildings in downtown Brooklyn that needed to be protected. In the mid 1970s, Abraham & Straus Flagship Store, which was located in Downtown Brooklyn, made Mannequin Modeling famous. Linda Timmins, head of the division, selected one juvenile and ingénue with "The Editorial Look" from each of the High Schools across the Brooklyn and Manhattan area. The schools and its students were also selected for high academic standing; Manhattan's Performing Arts High School Yvette Post and Metropolitan Opera Juvenile Star Robert Westin and Brooklyn's Abraham Lincoln High School's Alan Jay Kahm and its Head Cheerleader Paula Gallo were some of the few selected to represent the youth of New York. These "Mannequin Models" would pose for up to an hour at a time in the windows of the store as "Living Mannequins" wearing Classic Designer Clothes to

Abraham & Straus (or A&S), now defunct, was a major New York City department store, based in Brooklyn, New York. Federated Department Stores eliminated the A&S brand shortly after its 1994 acquisition of R.H. Macy & Company. Most A&S stores took the Macy's name, although a few became part of Stern's, a Federated division that was based in Paramus, New Jersey, and offered lower-end goods than did Macy's or A&S. The first Brooklyn store, opened in 1865, was 25 feet by 90 feet, and was at 285 Fulton Street, which Abraham Abraham, age 22, opened with Joseph Wechsler with $5,000 contributions each. After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, Abraham studied a store nicknamed Wheeler's Folly at 422 Fulton Street and bought it. On April 1, 1893, Nathan Straus, Isidor Straus and Simon F. Rothschild as partners bought out Wechsler and Wechsler & Abraham dry goods firm became Abraham & Straus (with the Straus brothers providing the financing but Rothschild being the active partner). The Strauses had run the leased china department; the brothers later gained control of Macy's. The company that year had 2,000 employees, and that year A&S also made Abraham's son-in-law, Simon F. Rothschild, son-in-law Edward Charles Blum and son Lawrence Abraham into partners. By 1900, the company had 4,650 employees. From the 1890s to the 1920s, A&S utilized a system of catalog store agencies across Long Island to serve customers. In 1912, Isidor Straus, along with his wife Ida, perished in the sinking of the Titanic. Around 1915, after Abraham's daughter married Isidor's son Percy Selden Straus, the Straus family divided up the empire with Nathan's family running A&S and Isidor's family running Macy's. Beginning in 1928, the company embarked on a $7.8 million expansion of the Fulton Street Store, which included excavating a new basement without disturbing customers above. The renovated store opened October 10, just days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In 1929, the company also joined Filene's, Lazarus and Bloomingdale's to form Federated Department Stores. To economize during the Depression, the company began scheduling employees according to hourly sales. In addition, all employees took a 10 percent pay cut. No employees were laid off. In 1937, Walter N. Rothschild led the company, and would be president and chairman until 1955. Following Rothschild, Sidney L. Solomon became the company's first non-family president. At the time, the company had 12,000 employees. The company grew after World War II. Its first new branch store opened in 1952 in Hempstead, following the 1950 purchase of Loeser's Garden City store. In the following decades, the company expanded throughout the New York metropolitan area. From the beginning, the company had high aspirations. In 1885, the company hired architect George L. Morse to work on the Fulton Street store. For their 1928 to 1930 renovations and additions, the company hired architects Starrett & van Vleck to build an Art Deco addition that faces Fulton, Hoyt and Livingston Streets. In 2003, the Brooklyn Heights Association and the Municipal Art Society put the building on a list of 28 historic buildings in downtown Brooklyn that needed to be protected. In the mid 1970s, Abraham & Straus Flagship Store, which was located in Downtown Brooklyn, made Mannequin Modeling famous. Linda Timmins, head of the division, selected one juvenile and ingénue with "The Editorial Look" from each of the High Schools across the Brooklyn and Manhattan area. The schools and its students were also selected for high academic standing; Manhattan's Performing Arts High School Yvette Post and Metropolitan Opera Juvenile Star Robert Westin and Brooklyn's Abraham Lincoln High School's Alan Jay Kahm and its Head Cheerleader Paula Gallo were some of the few selected to represent the youth of New York. These "Mannequin Models" would pose for up to an hour at a time in the windows of the store as "Living Mannequins" wearing Classic Designer Clothes to

Gage and Tollner was a restaurant on Fulton Street in Downtown Brooklyn. It had been in business since 1879 and in the same location since 1892 until it closed on February 14, 2004. The Brownstone where it was housed has been in existence since 1875. Gage and Tollner's began when Charles Gage opened an "eating house" at 303 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, in 1879. In 1880, Eugene Tollner joined him and the restaurant became known as Gage and Tollner's in 1882. The restaurant moved to 372-374 Fulton Street in 1892. It attracted customers like Diamond Jim Brady, Jimmy Durante and Mae West. In the 1980s it was bought by Peter Aschkenasy who brought in famed chef Edna Lewis. She helped "transform" the restaurant by adding her famed Southern cuisine, such as cornbread, catfish and a "legendary she-crab soup." Joseph Chirico, who owned the restaurant since 1995, made the hard decision to close the restaurant since "the business was dragging every day." It had 36 gaslamps, meaning it could stay open in a blackout, cherry framed mirrors and tables made of mahogany. Beginning in the fall of 1995, Chirico made some renovations and closed down the restaurant until April/May 1996. He said "he has tried to retain the historic flavor of the restaurant while providing modern amenities." The interior had been granted landmark status by the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission. Text from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_and_Tollner

Fulton Mall is a pedestrian street mall in Downtown Brooklyn that runs on Fulton Street between Flatbush Avenue & Adams Street. Fulton Street Mall is home to over 230 stores and includes retailers such as Macy*s (originally A&S), Zales, Radio Shack, Ashley Stewart, Strawberry, Modell's, Finish Line and Jimmy Jazz. Text from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_Mall

Robert F. Kennedy Monument This bronze bust, located in Brooklyn’s Columbus Park, depicts Attorney General, U.S. Senator, and Presidential candidate Robert Francis Kennedy (1925-1968). Sculptor Anneta Duveen created the piece, which was dedicated in 1972. It features a polished granite pedestal with four quotes from Kennedy inscribed on the base meant to inspire community action, whether it be at the local, national, or global level. Kennedy was born in 1925, the third son of Joseph Kennedy, the patriarch of the powerful Kennedy family. His older brother, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917–1963), served as the 35th President of the United States. Robert Kennedy served in his brother’s administration as U.S. Attorney General. After the assassination of his brother in 1963, Robert resigned from office and moved into an apartment at United Nations Plaza in Manhattan. Although he was accused of being a “carpetbagger,” Kennedy mounted a successful campaign for the United States Senate in 1964. After speaking out against the escalating war in Vietnam, Robert Kennedy ran for president in 1968. He was assassinated June 6, 1968 while campaigning in Los Angeles. The sculpture was relocated and placed in a picturesque floral surrounding as a result of renovations to Columbus Park, completed in 1994. Text from: www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B113C/highlights/12585

Robert F. Kennedy Monument This bronze bust, located in Brooklyn’s Columbus Park, depicts Attorney General, U.S. Senator, and Presidential candidate Robert Francis Kennedy (1925-1968). Sculptor Anneta Duveen created the piece, which was dedicated in 1972. It features a polished granite pedestal with four quotes from Kennedy inscribed on the base meant to inspire community action, whether it be at the local, national, or global level. Kennedy was born in 1925, the third son of Joseph Kennedy, the patriarch of the powerful Kennedy family. His older brother, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917–1963), served as the 35th President of the United States. Robert Kennedy served in his brother’s administration as U.S. Attorney General. After the assassination of his brother in 1963, Robert resigned from office and moved into an apartment at United Nations Plaza in Manhattan. Although he was accused of being a “carpetbagger,” Kennedy mounted a successful campaign for the United States Senate in 1964. After speaking out against the escalating war in Vietnam, Robert Kennedy ran for president in 1968. He was assassinated June 6, 1968 while campaigning in Los Angeles. The sculpture was relocated and placed in a picturesque floral surrounding as a result of renovations to Columbus Park, completed in 1994. Text from: www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B113C/highlights/12585

320 Jay Street Brooklyn, NY 11201

320 Jay Street Brooklyn, NY 11201

With major support from the History Channel, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation and the Italian Historical Society of America, for the past month, Parks’ Citywide Monuments Conservation Program staff and interns have been conserving the monument to Christopher Columbus at Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn. The monument’s journey has been almost as circuitous as that of the legendary Italian navigator and explorer himself. Created by Emma Stebbins (1815-1882), this sculpture of Columbus was presented on February 20, 1869 by merchant and art patron Marshall O. Roberts to the Board of Commissioners of Central Park. The statue was described at that time as representing the seaman “standing upon the deck of a ship alone…before the West Continent burst into view,” ship’s tiller in hand, as his “mutinous crew have all deserted him.” Stebbins was one of a group of women American expatriate sculptors living in Rome during the mid-19th Century whom author Nathaniel Hawthorne dubbed “the white marmorean flock” in his fictionalized account The Marble Faun. The sister of Park Board President Henry Stebbins, she is best known for creating the bronze statue of the Angel of the Waters, which serves as the central image of Central Park’s Bethesda Fountain. Scrapbooks in the Archives of American Art indicate that the Columbus sculpture may have been carved as early as 1861, and that it was displayed for several years indoors at the McGowns Pass Tavern, a roadside house of hospitality located in Central Park’s northern precinct along the route of the old Albany Post Road. When the sculpture was bequeathed to the Park Board it was displayed in a protective “glass house” at the National Academy of Design, and its donor expressed a belief that it could be adequately waterproofed to make it suitable for an exterior setting. There is no evidence that the work was ever installed outdoors in Central Park, and a short-lived sculpture court (at what is today’s Conservatory Garden) that may have been its intended home, was subsumed by the creation of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1934 the statue was “discovered” stored in a packing crate at the 97th Street maintenance yard in Central Park. Parks’ Chief Consulting Architect Aymar Embury II (1880-1966) designed a new stylized limestone pedestal consisting of a fluted column with maritime-inspired cables on an octagonal base, and the statue was installed that year in Columbus Park (formerly Mulberry Bend Park) in Chinatown. In 1971, following the renaming for Columbus of the southern part of Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn, the statue was moved again to its current placement in front of the New York State Supreme Court Building. The Park’s renaming and sculpture’s new placement was carried out through the efforts of John LaCorte, founder of the Italian Historical Society of America. The conservation to be completed this week follows stone testing and analysis conducted by Monuments Program staff over the previous three summers. Though the monument was found to be structurally sound, it exhibited general surface erosion from acid rain, soiling, biological growth, failed masonry mortar joints, as well as damage and spalling of selected areas of the limestone pedestal. The crew built an armature of nozzles that, through successive gentle mist-cleanings, removed surface soiling and algae build-up without harming the fragile stone surface. Several difficult areas of heavy soiling and gypsum crusts were treated using the Jos Rotec System, a high precision micro-abrasive cleaning technology developed specifically for the restoration of sensitive architectural and sculptural details. Following its cleaning, the sculpture has been treated with an anti-microbial product formulated for conservation, and an ethyl silicate consolidant is sprayed on to help bond the stone’s granular structure, limit moisture penetration, and arrest “sugaring” of the marble’s surface. The lower limestone portions of the monument required similarly complex and painstaking work. All of the joints were raked out by hand, and re

With major support from the History Channel, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation and the Italian Historical Society of America, for the past month, Parks’ Citywide Monuments Conservation Program staff and interns have been conserving the monument to Christopher Columbus at Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn. The monument’s journey has been almost as circuitous as that of the legendary Italian navigator and explorer himself. Created by Emma Stebbins (1815-1882), this sculpture of Columbus was presented on February 20, 1869 by merchant and art patron Marshall O. Roberts to the Board of Commissioners of Central Park. The statue was described at that time as representing the seaman “standing upon the deck of a ship alone…before the West Continent burst into view,” ship’s tiller in hand, as his “mutinous crew have all deserted him.” Stebbins was one of a group of women American expatriate sculptors living in Rome during the mid-19th Century whom author Nathaniel Hawthorne dubbed “the white marmorean flock” in his fictionalized account The Marble Faun. The sister of Park Board President Henry Stebbins, she is best known for creating the bronze statue of the Angel of the Waters, which serves as the central image of Central Park’s Bethesda Fountain. Scrapbooks in the Archives of American Art indicate that the Columbus sculpture may have been carved as early as 1861, and that it was displayed for several years indoors at the McGowns Pass Tavern, a roadside house of hospitality located in Central Park’s northern precinct along the route of the old Albany Post Road. When the sculpture was bequeathed to the Park Board it was displayed in a protective “glass house” at the National Academy of Design, and its donor expressed a belief that it could be adequately waterproofed to make it suitable for an exterior setting. There is no evidence that the work was ever installed outdoors in Central Park, and a short-lived sculpture court (at what is today’s Conservatory Garden) that may have been its intended home, was subsumed by the creation of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1934 the statue was “discovered” stored in a packing crate at the 97th Street maintenance yard in Central Park. Parks’ Chief Consulting Architect Aymar Embury II (1880-1966) designed a new stylized limestone pedestal consisting of a fluted column with maritime-inspired cables on an octagonal base, and the statue was installed that year in Columbus Park (formerly Mulberry Bend Park) in Chinatown. In 1971, following the renaming for Columbus of the southern part of Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn, the statue was moved again to its current placement in front of the New York State Supreme Court Building. The Park’s renaming and sculpture’s new placement was carried out through the efforts of John LaCorte, founder of the Italian Historical Society of America. The conservation to be completed this week follows stone testing and analysis conducted by Monuments Program staff over the previous three summers. Though the monument was found to be structurally sound, it exhibited general surface erosion from acid rain, soiling, biological growth, failed masonry mortar joints, as well as damage and spalling of selected areas of the limestone pedestal. The crew built an armature of nozzles that, through successive gentle mist-cleanings, removed surface soiling and algae build-up without harming the fragile stone surface. Several difficult areas of heavy soiling and gypsum crusts were treated using the Jos Rotec System, a high precision micro-abrasive cleaning technology developed specifically for the restoration of sensitive architectural and sculptural details. Following its cleaning, the sculpture has been treated with an anti-microbial product formulated for conservation, and an ethyl silicate consolidant is sprayed on to help bond the stone’s granular structure, limit moisture penetration, and arrest “sugaring” of the marble’s surface. The lower limestone portions of the monument required similarly complex and painstaking work. All of the joints were raked out by hand, and re

With major support from the History Channel, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation and the Italian Historical Society of America, for the past month, Parks’ Citywide Monuments Conservation Program staff and interns have been conserving the monument to Christopher Columbus at Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn. The monument’s journey has been almost as circuitous as that of the legendary Italian navigator and explorer himself. Created by Emma Stebbins (1815-1882), this sculpture of Columbus was presented on February 20, 1869 by merchant and art patron Marshall O. Roberts to the Board of Commissioners of Central Park. The statue was described at that time as representing the seaman “standing upon the deck of a ship alone…before the West Continent burst into view,” ship’s tiller in hand, as his “mutinous crew have all deserted him.” Stebbins was one of a group of women American expatriate sculptors living in Rome during the mid-19th Century whom author Nathaniel Hawthorne dubbed “the white marmorean flock” in his fictionalized account The Marble Faun. The sister of Park Board President Henry Stebbins, she is best known for creating the bronze statue of the Angel of the Waters, which serves as the central image of Central Park’s Bethesda Fountain. Scrapbooks in the Archives of American Art indicate that the Columbus sculpture may have been carved as early as 1861, and that it was displayed for several years indoors at the McGowns Pass Tavern, a roadside house of hospitality located in Central Park’s northern precinct along the route of the old Albany Post Road. When the sculpture was bequeathed to the Park Board it was displayed in a protective “glass house” at the National Academy of Design, and its donor expressed a belief that it could be adequately waterproofed to make it suitable for an exterior setting. There is no evidence that the work was ever installed outdoors in Central Park, and a short-lived sculpture court (at what is today’s Conservatory Garden) that may have been its intended home, was subsumed by the creation of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1934 the statue was “discovered” stored in a packing crate at the 97th Street maintenance yard in Central Park. Parks’ Chief Consulting Architect Aymar Embury II (1880-1966) designed a new stylized limestone pedestal consisting of a fluted column with maritime-inspired cables on an octagonal base, and the statue was installed that year in Columbus Park (formerly Mulberry Bend Park) in Chinatown. In 1971, following the renaming for Columbus of the southern part of Cadman Plaza in Brooklyn, the statue was moved again to its current placement in front of the New York State Supreme Court Building. The Park’s renaming and sculpture’s new placement was carried out through the efforts of John LaCorte, founder of the Italian Historical Society of America. The conservation to be completed this week follows stone testing and analysis conducted by Monuments Program staff over the previous three summers. Though the monument was found to be structurally sound, it exhibited general surface erosion from acid rain, soiling, biological growth, failed masonry mortar joints, as well as damage and spalling of selected areas of the limestone pedestal. The crew built an armature of nozzles that, through successive gentle mist-cleanings, removed surface soiling and algae build-up without harming the fragile stone surface. Several difficult areas of heavy soiling and gypsum crusts were treated using the Jos Rotec System, a high precision micro-abrasive cleaning technology developed specifically for the restoration of sensitive architectural and sculptural details. Following its cleaning, the sculpture has been treated with an anti-microbial product formulated for conservation, and an ethyl silicate consolidant is sprayed on to help bond the stone’s granular structure, limit moisture penetration, and arrest “sugaring” of the marble’s surface. The lower limestone portions of the monument required similarly complex and painstaking work. All of the joints were raked out by hand, and re

Brooklyn Borough Hall 209 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11209 Date Built: 1846-1851 Architect: Gamaliel King Brooklyn Borough Hall, the original City Hall, is located on the north side of Joralemon Street, between Court and Adams streets. It houses the Brooklyn Borough President and is Brooklyn's oldest public building. Brooklyn Borough Hall was originally built as Brooklyn's City Hall and contained the offices of the Mayor and the City Council as well as a courtroom and a jail. This was typical of early nineteenth century city halls, which contained all of the functions of city government within one building. Brooklyn was a growing community when it was incorporated as a city in 1834. The following year a competition was held for a city hall, won by the architect Calvin Pollard. While the cornerstone for the Greek Revival style building was laid in 1836, only the foundation was built due to financial problems. Construction began again in 1845, with a revised and simplified design by Gamaliel King, and the incomplete City Hall opened in 1848. It served as the Brooklyn City Hall for nearly fifty years, before the consolidation with New York City in 1898, when it became the Brooklyn Borough Hall. This imposing Greek Revival style structure is clad in Tuckahoe marble. A monumental staircase leads to an entrance with six fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment. The cast-iron cupola, designed by Vincent Griffith and Stoughton & Stoughton, is a 1898 replacement for the original, which burned in an 1895 fire that also destroyed part of the interior. The statue of Justice, part of the original plan, was finally installed on top of the cupola in 1988. The architect, Gamaliel King, was a major figure in Brooklyn civic and ecclesiastical architecture in the 19th century. His practice began in the 1820s and he designed some of the borough's finest churches. His 12th Street Reformed Church (1868) in Park Slope still stands today. He designed the spectacular, domed King's County Courthouse (1861-5), now demolished, and the extant King's County Savings Bank (1868) in Williamsburg. He was well known for his pioneering commercial architecture in Manhattan through his work with John Kellum in the 1850s. The firm designed the landmark Cary Building in Tribeca, one of the first full-fronted cast iron buildings in the world. The two-story rectangular lobby, known as the rotunda, has been restored to its 1845 glory. The stairs removed in 1897 were restored, as was the black and white marble floor. The elaborate Courtroom, designed in 1903 by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman, has a coffered domed ceiling, carved wood paneling, fluted Ionic columns, and ornate plasterwork. Brooklyn Borough Hall is one of the most significant government buildings in Brooklyn and the heart and soul of Brooklyn's Civic Center. In the 1980s, one of the City's most ambitious efforts to date was commenced to restore the exterior, which had suffered serious decay over the years. The award-winning work included stone work restoration, replacement of copper shingles on the cupola and installation of stainless steel cladding on the main roof, and repair of the clock and tower elements. The bronze statue of Virtue on the roof, a part of the original design not built with the building, was created from drawings and documents. Site work included raising the plaza by two feet, installing an ornamental iron fence around the building and placing historic lighting fixtures on the street. Brooklyn Borough Hall is a designated New York City Landmark. It is also listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. Text from: www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/resources/brook_boroughhall.shtml

Brooklyn Borough Hall 209 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11209 Date Built: 1846-1851 Architect: Gamaliel King Brooklyn Borough Hall, the original City Hall, is located on the north side of Joralemon Street, between Court and Adams streets. It houses the Brooklyn Borough President and is Brooklyn's oldest public building. Brooklyn Borough Hall was originally built as Brooklyn's City Hall and contained the offices of the Mayor and the City Council as well as a courtroom and a jail. This was typical of early nineteenth century city halls, which contained all of the functions of city government within one building. Brooklyn was a growing community when it was incorporated as a city in 1834. The following year a competition was held for a city hall, won by the architect Calvin Pollard. While the cornerstone for the Greek Revival style building was laid in 1836, only the foundation was built due to financial problems. Construction began again in 1845, with a revised and simplified design by Gamaliel King, and the incomplete City Hall opened in 1848. It served as the Brooklyn City Hall for nearly fifty years, before the consolidation with New York City in 1898, when it became the Brooklyn Borough Hall. This imposing Greek Revival style structure is clad in Tuckahoe marble. A monumental staircase leads to an entrance with six fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment. The cast-iron cupola, designed by Vincent Griffith and Stoughton & Stoughton, is a 1898 replacement for the original, which burned in an 1895 fire that also destroyed part of the interior. The statue of Justice, part of the original plan, was finally installed on top of the cupola in 1988. The architect, Gamaliel King, was a major figure in Brooklyn civic and ecclesiastical architecture in the 19th century. His practice began in the 1820s and he designed some of the borough's finest churches. His 12th Street Reformed Church (1868) in Park Slope still stands today. He designed the spectacular, domed King's County Courthouse (1861-5), now demolished, and the extant King's County Savings Bank (1868) in Williamsburg. He was well known for his pioneering commercial architecture in Manhattan through his work with John Kellum in the 1850s. The firm designed the landmark Cary Building in Tribeca, one of the first full-fronted cast iron buildings in the world. The two-story rectangular lobby, known as the rotunda, has been restored to its 1845 glory. The stairs removed in 1897 were restored, as was the black and white marble floor. The elaborate Courtroom, designed in 1903 by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman, has a coffered domed ceiling, carved wood paneling, fluted Ionic columns, and ornate plasterwork. Brooklyn Borough Hall is one of the most significant government buildings in Brooklyn and the heart and soul of Brooklyn's Civic Center. In the 1980s, one of the City's most ambitious efforts to date was commenced to restore the exterior, which had suffered serious decay over the years. The award-winning work included stone work restoration, replacement of copper shingles on the cupola and installation of stainless steel cladding on the main roof, and repair of the clock and tower elements. The bronze statue of Virtue on the roof, a part of the original design not built with the building, was created from drawings and documents. Site work included raising the plaza by two feet, installing an ornamental iron fence around the building and placing historic lighting fixtures on the street. Brooklyn Borough Hall is a designated New York City Landmark. It is also listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. Text from: www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/resources/brook_boroughhall.shtml

Brooklyn Borough Hall 209 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11209 Date Built: 1846-1851 Architect: Gamaliel King Brooklyn Borough Hall, the original City Hall, is located on the north side of Joralemon Street, between Court and Adams streets. It houses the Brooklyn Borough President and is Brooklyn's oldest public building. Brooklyn Borough Hall was originally built as Brooklyn's City Hall and contained the offices of the Mayor and the City Council as well as a courtroom and a jail. This was typical of early nineteenth century city halls, which contained all of the functions of city government within one building. Brooklyn was a growing community when it was incorporated as a city in 1834. The following year a competition was held for a city hall, won by the architect Calvin Pollard. While the cornerstone for the Greek Revival style building was laid in 1836, only the foundation was built due to financial problems. Construction began again in 1845, with a revised and simplified design by Gamaliel King, and the incomplete City Hall opened in 1848. It served as the Brooklyn City Hall for nearly fifty years, before the consolidation with New York City in 1898, when it became the Brooklyn Borough Hall. This imposing Greek Revival style structure is clad in Tuckahoe marble. A monumental staircase leads to an entrance with six fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment. The cast-iron cupola, designed by Vincent Griffith and Stoughton & Stoughton, is a 1898 replacement for the original, which burned in an 1895 fire that also destroyed part of the interior. The statue of Justice, part of the original plan, was finally installed on top of the cupola in 1988. The architect, Gamaliel King, was a major figure in Brooklyn civic and ecclesiastical architecture in the 19th century. His practice began in the 1820s and he designed some of the borough's finest churches. His 12th Street Reformed Church (1868) in Park Slope still stands today. He designed the spectacular, domed King's County Courthouse (1861-5), now demolished, and the extant King's County Savings Bank (1868) in Williamsburg. He was well known for his pioneering commercial architecture in Manhattan through his work with John Kellum in the 1850s. The firm designed the landmark Cary Building in Tribeca, one of the first full-fronted cast iron buildings in the world. The two-story rectangular lobby, known as the rotunda, has been restored to its 1845 glory. The stairs removed in 1897 were restored, as was the black and white marble floor. The elaborate Courtroom, designed in 1903 by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman, has a coffered domed ceiling, carved wood paneling, fluted Ionic columns, and ornate plasterwork. Brooklyn Borough Hall is one of the most significant government buildings in Brooklyn and the heart and soul of Brooklyn's Civic Center. In the 1980s, one of the City's most ambitious efforts to date was commenced to restore the exterior, which had suffered serious decay over the years. The award-winning work included stone work restoration, replacement of copper shingles on the cupola and installation of stainless steel cladding on the main roof, and repair of the clock and tower elements. The bronze statue of Virtue on the roof, a part of the original design not built with the building, was created from drawings and documents. Site work included raising the plaza by two feet, installing an ornamental iron fence around the building and placing historic lighting fixtures on the street. Brooklyn Borough Hall is a designated New York City Landmark. It is also listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. Text from: www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/resources/brook_boroughhall.shtml

Brooklyn Borough Hall 209 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11209 Date Built: 1846-1851 Architect: Gamaliel King Brooklyn Borough Hall, the original City Hall, is located on the north side of Joralemon Street, between Court and Adams streets. It houses the Brooklyn Borough President and is Brooklyn's oldest public building. Brooklyn Borough Hall was originally built as Brooklyn's City Hall and contained the offices of the Mayor and the City Council as well as a courtroom and a jail. This was typical of early nineteenth century city halls, which contained all of the functions of city government within one building. Brooklyn was a growing community when it was incorporated as a city in 1834. The following year a competition was held for a city hall, won by the architect Calvin Pollard. While the cornerstone for the Greek Revival style building was laid in 1836, only the foundation was built due to financial problems. Construction began again in 1845, with a revised and simplified design by Gamaliel King, and the incomplete City Hall opened in 1848. It served as the Brooklyn City Hall for nearly fifty years, before the consolidation with New York City in 1898, when it became the Brooklyn Borough Hall. This imposing Greek Revival style structure is clad in Tuckahoe marble. A monumental staircase leads to an entrance with six fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment. The cast-iron cupola, designed by Vincent Griffith and Stoughton & Stoughton, is a 1898 replacement for the original, which burned in an 1895 fire that also destroyed part of the interior. The statue of Justice, part of the original plan, was finally installed on top of the cupola in 1988. The architect, Gamaliel King, was a major figure in Brooklyn civic and ecclesiastical architecture in the 19th century. His practice began in the 1820s and he designed some of the borough's finest churches. His 12th Street Reformed Church (1868) in Park Slope still stands today. He designed the spectacular, domed King's County Courthouse (1861-5), now demolished, and the extant King's County Savings Bank (1868) in Williamsburg. He was well known for his pioneering commercial architecture in Manhattan through his work with John Kellum in the 1850s. The firm designed the landmark Cary Building in Tribeca, one of the first full-fronted cast iron buildings in the world. The two-story rectangular lobby, known as the rotunda, has been restored to its 1845 glory. The stairs removed in 1897 were restored, as was the black and white marble floor. The elaborate Courtroom, designed in 1903 by Brooklyn architect Axel Hedman, has a coffered domed ceiling, carved wood paneling, fluted Ionic columns, and ornate plasterwork. Brooklyn Borough Hall is one of the most significant government buildings in Brooklyn and the heart and soul of Brooklyn's Civic Center. In the 1980s, one of the City's most ambitious efforts to date was commenced to restore the exterior, which had suffered serious decay over the years. The award-winning work included stone work restoration, replacement of copper shingles on the cupola and installation of stainless steel cladding on the main roof, and repair of the clock and tower elements. The bronze statue of Virtue on the roof, a part of the original design not built with the building, was created from drawings and documents. Site work included raising the plaza by two feet, installing an ornamental iron fence around the building and placing historic lighting fixtures on the street. Brooklyn Borough Hall is a designated New York City Landmark. It is also listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. Text from: www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/resources/brook_boroughhall.shtml