The Basilica Iulia in the Forum in Rome, July 2012
The Basilica Iulia in the Forum in Rome, July 2012
The Basilica Iulia in the Forum in Rome, July 2012
The Basilica Aemilia in the Forum in Rome, July 20…
The Basilica Iulia in the Forum in Rome, July 2012
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
The Basilica Aemilia in the Forum in Rome, July 20…
Fragment with a Boucranium from the Basilica Aemil…
Fragment from the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Ro…
Fragment from the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Ro…
Fragment with a Boucranium from the Basilica Aemil…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
Inscription Near the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum…
Remains of the Basilica Aemilia in the Forum Roman…
The Shrine of Venus Cloacina in the Forum, June 20…
The Shrine of Venus Cloacina in the Forum, June 20…
The Shrine of Venus Cloacina in the Forum, June 20…
Temple of Divine Iulius in the Forum in Rome, July…
Temple of Divine Iulius in the Forum in Rome, July…
The Shrine of Venus Cloacina in the Forum, June 20…
Remains of the Arch of Augustus in the Forum Roman…
The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum…
The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Forum in Ro…
The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Forum in Ro…
The Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Temple of…
Capital from the Temple of Castor and Pollux in th…
The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum, June 2012
The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum, June 2012
The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum, June 2012
Remains of the Original Moulding on the Temple of…
The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum, June 2012
The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum, June 2012
Remains of the Original Moulding on the Temple of…
The Regia in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
The Regia in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
Game Board on the Steps in the Forum near the Arch…
Looking Towards the Farnese Aviaries from the Foru…
Detail of the Architrave of the Entrance to the Ho…
Marble Cornice from the House of the Vestal Virgin…
Detail of the Architrave of the Entrance to the Ho…
The Entrance to the House of the Vestal Virgins in…
Column in the House of the Vestal Virgins in the F…
The Entrance to the House of the Vestal Virgins in…
The Entrance to the House of the Vestal Virgins in…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
Remains of a Black Floor Mosaic in the House of th…
Remains of a White Floor Mosaic in the House of th…
Plan of the House of the Vestal Virgins in the For…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Forum Roman…
The Rostra in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
Reproduction of the Relief of Marcus Curtius from…
The Rostra in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
The Rostra in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
The Temple of Saturn in the Forum in Rome, July 20…
The Temple of Saturn in the Forum in Rome, July 20…
The Temple of Saturn in the Forum in Rome, July 20…
The Temple of Vespasian and the Temple of Saturn f…
The Temple of Vespasian and the Temple of Saturn f…
View of the Forum and the Palatine Hill from the T…
View of the Forum in Rome, June 2012
Detail of a Scene with Standard Bearers on the Col…
Detail of a Scene with the Emperor Seated on the C…
Detail of a Scene with Standard Bearers on the Col…
Detail of a Scene with Standard Bearers on the Col…
Detail of a Scene with Standard Bearers on the Col…
Detail of a Scene with Ships on the Column of Traj…
Detail of a Scene with Ships on the Column of Traj…
Detail of a Scene with the Emperor Seated on the C…
Detail of a Scene of a Sacrifice on the Column of…
Detail of a Scene of a Sacrifice on the Column of…
Detail of a Parade Scene on the Column of Trajan i…
Detail of a Scene with the Presentation of Prisone…
Detail of a Scene with the Presentation of Prisone…
Detail of a Parade Scene on the Column of Trajan i…
Detail of a Scene of the Emperor Addressing his Tr…
Detail of a Scene of the Emperor Addressing his Tr…
Detail of a Scene of the Emperor Addressing his Tr…
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
Detail of the Column of Trajan in Rome, July 2012
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The Rostra in the Forum Romanum, July 2012
The Rōstra (Italian: Rostri) was a large platform built in the city of Rome that stood during the republican and imperial periods. Speakers would stand on the rostra and face the north side of the comitium towards the senate house and deliver orations to those assembled in between. It is often referred to as a suggestus or tribunal the first form of which dates back to the Roman Kingdom, the Volcanal.
It derives its name from the six rōstra (plural of rōstrum, a warship's ram) which were captured during the victory at Antium in 338 BC and mounted to its side. Originally, the term meant a single structure located within the Comitium space near the Forum and usually associated with the Senate Cūria. It began to be referred to as the Rōstra Vetera ("Elder Rōstra") in the imperial age to distinguish it from other later platforms designed for similar purposes which took the name "Rōstra" along with its builder's name or the person it honored.
Magistrates, politicians, advocates and other orators spoke to the assembled people of Rome from this highly honored, and elevated spot. Consecrated by the Augurs as a templum, the original Rostra was built as early as the 6th century BC. This Rostra was replaced and enlarged a number of times but remained in the same site for centuries.
Julius Caesar rearranged the Comitium and Forum spaces and repositioned the Senate Curia at the end of the republican period. He moved the Rostra out of the Comitium when the Curia Cornelia was dismantled. This took away the commanding position the curia had held within the whole of the forum, having advanced extremely close to the Rostra during its last restoration. Augustus, his grand-nephew and first Roman emperor, finished what Caesar had begun, as well as expanded on it. This "New Rostra" became known as the Rostra Augusti. What remains in the excavated forum today, next to the Arch of Septimus Severus has endured several restorations and alterations throughout its historical use. while a few different honorary names are attributed to those restorations, scholars, archeologist and the government of Italy recognise this platform as the "Rostra Vetera" encased inside the "Rostra Augusti".
The term "Rostrum", referring to a podium for a speaker is directly derived from the use of the term "Rostra". One stands in front of a Rostrum and one stands upon the Rostra. While, eventually, there were many rostra within the city of Rome and its republic and empire, then, as now, "Rostra" alone refers to a specific structure. Before the Forum Romanum, the Comitium was the first designated spot for all political and judicial activity and the earliest place of public assembly in the city. A succession of earlier shrines and altars is mentioned in early Roman writings as the first suggestum. It consisted of a shrine to the god Volcan, that had two separate altars built at different periods. This early Etruscan mundus altar originally sat in front of a temple that would later be converted into the Curia Hostilia.
During the late Republic the rostra was used as a place to display the heads of defeated political enemies. Gaius Marius and consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna captured Rome in 87 BC and placed the head of the defeated consul, Gnaeus Octavius, on the Rostra. The practice was continued on by Sulla and Mark Antony, who ordered that Cicero's hands and head be displayed on Caesar's Rostra after the orator's execution as part of the Proscription of 43 B.C.
Caesar spoke from the Rostra in 67 BC in a successful effort to pass, over the opposition of the Senate, a bill proposed by the tribune Aulus Gabinius (the Lex Gabinia) creating an extraordinary command for Pompey to eliminate piracy in the Mediterranean. Brutus and Cassius spoke from the Rostra to an unenthusiastic crowd in the Forum after the assassination of Caesar in 44 BC. Millar comments that during the late Republic, when violence became a regular feature of public meetings, physical control and occupation of the Ro
It derives its name from the six rōstra (plural of rōstrum, a warship's ram) which were captured during the victory at Antium in 338 BC and mounted to its side. Originally, the term meant a single structure located within the Comitium space near the Forum and usually associated with the Senate Cūria. It began to be referred to as the Rōstra Vetera ("Elder Rōstra") in the imperial age to distinguish it from other later platforms designed for similar purposes which took the name "Rōstra" along with its builder's name or the person it honored.
Magistrates, politicians, advocates and other orators spoke to the assembled people of Rome from this highly honored, and elevated spot. Consecrated by the Augurs as a templum, the original Rostra was built as early as the 6th century BC. This Rostra was replaced and enlarged a number of times but remained in the same site for centuries.
Julius Caesar rearranged the Comitium and Forum spaces and repositioned the Senate Curia at the end of the republican period. He moved the Rostra out of the Comitium when the Curia Cornelia was dismantled. This took away the commanding position the curia had held within the whole of the forum, having advanced extremely close to the Rostra during its last restoration. Augustus, his grand-nephew and first Roman emperor, finished what Caesar had begun, as well as expanded on it. This "New Rostra" became known as the Rostra Augusti. What remains in the excavated forum today, next to the Arch of Septimus Severus has endured several restorations and alterations throughout its historical use. while a few different honorary names are attributed to those restorations, scholars, archeologist and the government of Italy recognise this platform as the "Rostra Vetera" encased inside the "Rostra Augusti".
The term "Rostrum", referring to a podium for a speaker is directly derived from the use of the term "Rostra". One stands in front of a Rostrum and one stands upon the Rostra. While, eventually, there were many rostra within the city of Rome and its republic and empire, then, as now, "Rostra" alone refers to a specific structure. Before the Forum Romanum, the Comitium was the first designated spot for all political and judicial activity and the earliest place of public assembly in the city. A succession of earlier shrines and altars is mentioned in early Roman writings as the first suggestum. It consisted of a shrine to the god Volcan, that had two separate altars built at different periods. This early Etruscan mundus altar originally sat in front of a temple that would later be converted into the Curia Hostilia.
During the late Republic the rostra was used as a place to display the heads of defeated political enemies. Gaius Marius and consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna captured Rome in 87 BC and placed the head of the defeated consul, Gnaeus Octavius, on the Rostra. The practice was continued on by Sulla and Mark Antony, who ordered that Cicero's hands and head be displayed on Caesar's Rostra after the orator's execution as part of the Proscription of 43 B.C.
Caesar spoke from the Rostra in 67 BC in a successful effort to pass, over the opposition of the Senate, a bill proposed by the tribune Aulus Gabinius (the Lex Gabinia) creating an extraordinary command for Pompey to eliminate piracy in the Mediterranean. Brutus and Cassius spoke from the Rostra to an unenthusiastic crowd in the Forum after the assassination of Caesar in 44 BC. Millar comments that during the late Republic, when violence became a regular feature of public meetings, physical control and occupation of the Ro
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