Polska, Poland, Polen

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. The Gothic town hall (1444), severely damaged in WWII, was rebuilt from 1947-1954 as it looked before.

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. Johann Gottfried Herder was born in Mohrungen in 1744. He was a German philosopher, theologian and author. He is associated with the Enlightenment, "Sturm und Drang" and the "Weimar Classicism". At the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Königsberg and became a student of Immanuel Kant. Towards the end of his long career Herder endorsed the French Revolution, which earned him the enmity of many of his colleagues.

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. The first Early Gothic parish church was built 1305-1312. It was much smaller than the present church and covered only the nave area of the present one. Within the 14th century the building was extended by choir , sacristy and tower. In 1414 the church was the only building in the town to survive the Morąg fire. From 1525 the church served the Lutherans. The church was severely damaged end of WWII. It got restored and given to the Catholic community.

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. The first Early Gothic parish church was built 1305-1312. It was much smaller than the present church and covered only the nave area of the present one. Within the 14th century the building was extended by choir , sacristy and tower. In 1414 the church was the only building in the town to survive the Morąg fire. From 1525 the church served the Lutherans. The church was severely damaged end of WWII. It got restored and given to the Catholic community.

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. The first Early Gothic parish church was built 1305-1312. It was much smaller than the present church and covered only the nave area of the present one. Within the 14th century the building was extended by choir , sacristy and tower. In 1414 the church was the only building in the town to survive the Morąg fire. From 1525 the church served the Lutherans. The church was severely damaged end of WWII. It got restored and given to the Catholic community.

The Teutonic Knights probably took over a wooden castle of the Baltic Prussians end of the 13th century. Already at the beginning of the 14th century, the place had developed into an urban settlement. In 1327 Mohrungen was granted the town charter. The knights of the order were followed by peasant treks, one of which, coming from the southern Harz region in Central Germany, settled near the castle of the order. After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (Battle of Tanneberg) the town was occupied by the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1440 Mohrungen joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed the Teutonic Order. The town fought against the Order in the war from 1454 to 1466. Reconquered the town became his seat as deputy Grand Master. After the Torun peace treaty in 1466, the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. During the Polish–Teutonic War Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520 and burned down. Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order's State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. The first Early Gothic parish church was built 1305-1312. It was much smaller than the present church and covered only the nave area of the present one. Within the 14th century the building was extended by choir , sacristy and tower. In 1414 the church was the only building in the town to survive the Morąg fire. From 1525 the church served the Lutherans. The church was severely damaged end of WWII. It got restored and given to the Catholic community.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The "Stary Ratusz" (Old Town Hall) is originally a late Gothic building, which was rebuilt in the Baroque style. At the end of WWII, the building burned down and was rebuilt in 1946 - 1949.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. Crossing the market. The tower of the "Bazylika konkatedralna św. Jakuba" (Concathedral Basilica of St James) is seen in the backdrop.

Olsztyn - Szlak Św. Jakuba From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. Ultreia! www.szlakjakuba.com/

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The Brama GórnaIt (Upper Gate, Hohes Tor) is one of the once three gates that were in the city's defensive walls. Remains of the walls are also preserved from the medieval fortifications. The Brama GórnaIt was built after 1378. The reconstruction of the gate in its present form took place at the end of the 15th century after the Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466) and the Papal War (1478).

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The first church was probably built in the brick Gothic style between 1370 and 1380 after Allenstein had received its town charter in 1352. In 1596, the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63m high). In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French imprisoned 1500 Russian and Prussian prisoners inside, who resisted heavy frost by using the furniture as firewood. In 1864 church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. It was put into use after a general renovation in 1866 - 1868. In 1972, the church became con cathedral and in 1991 it was visited by Pope John Paul II, who elevated the church to basilica minor in 2004.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The first church was probably built in the brick Gothic style between 1370 and 1380 after Allenstein had received its town charter in 1352. In 1596, the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63m high). In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French imprisoned 1500 Russian and Prussian prisoners inside, who resisted heavy frost by using the furniture as firewood. In 1864 church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. It was put into use after a general renovation in 1866 - 1868. In 1972, the church became con cathedral and in 1991 it was visited by Pope John Paul II, who elevated the church to basilica minor in 2004.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The first church was probably built in the brick Gothic style between 1370 and 1380 after Allenstein had received its town charter in 1352. In 1596, the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63m high). In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French imprisoned 1500 Russian and Prussian prisoners inside, who resisted heavy frost by using the furniture as firewood. In 1864 church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. It was put into use after a general renovation in 1866 - 1868. In 1972, the church became con cathedral and in 1991 it was visited by Pope John Paul II, who elevated the church to basilica minor in 2004. An elegant chandelier

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The first church was probably built in the brick Gothic style between 1370 and 1380 after Allenstein had received its town charter in 1352. In 1596, the old church tower was replaced by a new one (63m high). In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French imprisoned 1500 Russian and Prussian prisoners inside, who resisted heavy frost by using the furniture as firewood. In 1864 church was in danger of collapse and had to be closed. It was put into use after a general renovation in 1866 - 1868. In 1972, the church became con cathedral and in 1991 it was visited by Pope John Paul II, who elevated the church to basilica minor in 2004. The late Gothic triptych was created at the beginning of the 16th century. The Virgin is flanked by St. Catherine and (probably) Canute VI of Denmark. The figures of the Twelve Apostles are placed in the side wings. The altar was not part of the original furnishings and came to Olsztyn in the early 1950s

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) was a canon of the prince-bishopric of Warmia as well as an astronomer and physician who also devoted himself to mathematics and cartography. In his main work "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" of 1543, he describes a heliocentric view of the world, according to which the Earth is a planet, rotates on its own axis and also moves around the Sun like the other planets. The reception of the work led to the "Copernican turn", which in science is one of the caesuras marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. Nicolaus Copernicus resided from 1516 to 1521 in the Zamek Kapituły Warmińskiej (Olsztyn Castle).

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The "Zamek Kapituły Warmińskiej" ("Castle of Warmian Cathedral Chapter") was erected between 1346 and 1353. The south-east wing of the castle was built in the 15th century. The 40-meter tower dating back to the 14th century was placed in the eastern corner of the courtyard. In the 16th century the castle's fortifications were raised to 12 meters in height. This made the castle a major bastion located on the borders of Olsztyn. The castle belonged to the chapter of Diocese of Warmia, which until 1454 was protected by the Teutonic Order. In the years of 1516 to 1521, the administrator of the castle was Nicolaus Copernicus. Over time, the castle's importance diminished. In 1758, a direct entrance from Olsztyn was built, and a palace wing was built; the expansion meant that many of the fortifications were deconstructed. Currently, the castle houses the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The "Zamek Kapituły Warmińskiej" ("Castle of Warmian Cathedral Chapter") was erected between 1346 and 1353. The south-east wing of the castle was built in the 15th century. The 40-meter tower dating back to the 14th century was placed in the eastern corner of the courtyard. In the 16th century the castle's fortifications were raised to 12 meters in height. This made the castle a major bastion located on the borders of Olsztyn. The castle belonged to the chapter of Diocese of Warmia, which until 1454 was protected by the Teutonic Order. In the years of 1516 to 1521, the administrator of the castle was Nicolaus Copernicus. Over time, the castle's importance diminished. In 1758, a direct entrance from Olsztyn was built, and a palace wing was built; the expansion meant that many of the fortifications were deconstructed. Currently, the castle houses the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

From 1230 to 1283 the Teutonic Order conquered the entire territory of the Slavic Prussians. In 1243 the bishop of Warmia received 1/3 of the territory of his diocese for his maintenance. The town was founded in 1353 under the name of Allensteyn by the chapter of the cathedral of Warmia on its territory. At that time, the castle was already under construction. In 1454 the town joined the Prussian Confederation against the Teutonic Order. The townspeople captured the castle and recognized the sovereignty of the Polish king, but a year later the town was reconquered by the Teutonic Order. During the war the town was in flames several times. By the peace treaty in 1466, Olsztyn and the entire Duchy of Warmia came under Polish sovereignty. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region. The "Zamek Kapituły Warmińskiej" ("Castle of Warmian Cathedral Chapter") was erected between 1346 and 1353. The south-east wing of the castle was built in the 15th century. The 40-meter tower dating back to the 14th century was placed in the eastern corner of the courtyard. In the 16th century the castle's fortifications were raised to 12 meters in height. This made the castle a major bastion located on the borders of Olsztyn. The castle belonged to the chapter of Diocese of Warmia, which until 1454 was protected by the Teutonic Order. In the years of 1516 to 1521, the administrator of the castle was Nicolaus Copernicus. Over time, the castle's importance diminished. In 1758, a direct entrance from Olsztyn was built, and a palace wing was built; the expansion meant that many of the fortifications were deconstructed. Nicolaus Copernicus lived in the north-east wing of the castle, in a large chamber with three windows. One door led to the gallery and another to the official chamber. In the gallery are still traces of the astronomical plaques he once carved into the plaster.