Vilnius - Šv. Mikalojaus Stebukladario palaikų Pernešimo cerkvė

Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of about 600.000. Before WWII, Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centers in Europe which led to the nickname "the Jerusalem of the North".

The city was first mentioned in written sources as Vilna in 1323 as the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, built a wooden castle on a hill in the city. The city became more widely known after he wrote a circular letter of invitation to Germans and Jews to the principal Hansa towns in 1325, offering free access into his domains to men of every order and profession. At this time Vilnius was facing raids of the Teutonic Order, although they never captured the castle, large portions of the town were burned down between 1365 and 1383. English king Henry IV spent the full year of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 fellow knights.

Between 1503 and 1522, the city was surrounded by a city wall to protect it from Crimean Tatar attacks. The city reached the peak of its development during the reign of Sigismund II. Augustus, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, settled here in 1544. After the foundation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city experienced a further boom, as Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded the Jesuit College of Vilnius (= Vilnius University) in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

According to a popular legend, the first wooden Orthodox chapel located on the place of today's Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas was built around 1340. Some years later Anthony, John, and Eustathius, the Vilnius martyrs, were supposedly buried there. However, in 1350, Uliana of Tver, the second wife of Algirdas, ordered to build a new brick church. In 1514, this church was again replaced with a larger one. This was destroyed by the fire in 1748 and rebuilt in Baroque style.

In the 19th century, it was completely rebuilt in Neo-Byzantine style on the initiative of the general governor of Vilnius. The renewed church was to be another sign of Russian domination in the city, becoming the fifth Orthodox church in the Old Town of Vilnius.
After WWII, the church was closed, but in 1947, the Stalinist government agreed to reopen it as a parish church.