Certainly animals exhibit specific abilities that exceed our own. For example, food-caching birds have extraordinary memories for the placement and age of their caches; dogs can perceive wavelengths beyond human ken; shoaling fish exceed human abilities at rapid mass coordination; and birds and butterflies can navigate thousands of miles on their annual migrations. It is therefore now generally recognized that a species mental skill and abilities are related to the kinds of problem its way of life requires . thus every animal can be an “expert in some kind of mental task by virtue of having evolved a special adaptation to the feature of its environment, allowing “lower” animals to outperform ‘higher’ animals in some respect. ~ Page 116